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An A record is the fundamental DNS entry that maps a domain name to the IPv4 address of the server hosting a website or service.

A/B testing is a method of comparing two versions of a page or element on live traffic to determine which one produces better results.

An AAAA record is a DNS entry that maps a domain name to a server's IPv6 address — the IPv6 counterpart of the A record.

ABM (Account-Based Marketing) is a B2B strategy that focuses marketing and sales effort on a small set of high-value accounts rather than mass lead generation.

Above the fold (ATF) is the portion of a web page a visitor sees the moment it loads, before any scrolling. It is the most valuable space on a page and shapes the crucial first impression.

An absolute link is a hyperlink that contains the complete URL — protocol, domain and path. It resolves to the same destination no matter which page it sits on.

Ad groups are a layer of Google Ads account structure that bundles related keywords and ads around a single shared theme, keeping them relevant and improving quality.

Adware is software that displays unwanted advertisements and often tracks user activity to profile them.

Affiliate marketing is a model in which a partner promotes a company's products and earns commission for results, such as a sale or a generated lead.

Agile is an iterative approach to project management and software development, built on collaboration and a flexible response to change.

Ahrefs is a popular SEO tool used to analyze backlink profiles, keywords, competitors, and the technical health of websites.

AI (artificial intelligence) is the field of computer science concerned with building systems able to perform tasks that require human intelligence.

An AI detector is a tool that tries to estimate whether a given text was written by a human or generated by artificial intelligence.

AI Overviews are AI-generated answer summaries that Google displays at the top of the search results page.

AIDA is a classic marketing model describing four stages that lead a person toward a purchase: attention, interest, desire, and action.

AJAX is a web programming technique that lets a page exchange data with the server without reloading the whole page.

An algorithm is a finite, ordered sequence of unambiguous steps that leads to the solution of a specific problem.

The alt attribute is alternative text describing an image's content in HTML. It serves accessibility, image SEO, and appears whenever the graphic fails to load.

AMP (Accelerated Mobile Pages) is an open-source web framework that speeds up mobile pages through restricted HTML, asynchronous JavaScript and delivery from Google's AMP Cache.

Anchor text is the visible, clickable portion of a hyperlink. Search engines use it as a contextual hint about the linked page, which makes it a long-standing ranking signal in SEO.

Angular is an open-source, TypeScript-based front-end framework maintained by Google, built for developing large single-page applications with a component architecture and batteries-included tooling.

Ansible is an open-source automation tool that configures servers and deploys applications over SSH without installing agents. Desired system state is declared in YAML playbooks and applied idempotently.

Apache HTTP Server is a long-established open-source web server that answers HTTP and HTTPS requests. Its modular design and per-directory .htaccess overrides made it the backbone of shared hosting.

Apache Kafka is a distributed event streaming platform: producers append events to durable, partitioned logs called topics, and consumers read them independently at their own pace.

An API (Application Programming Interface) is a formal set of rules through which one program exposes data and functionality to others, hiding its internal implementation behind a stable contract.

Apilo is a Polish multichannel sales management platform that aggregates orders from marketplaces and online stores into a single panel, automating invoicing, shipping and stock synchronization.

APM (Application Performance Monitoring) instruments an application from within, measuring response times, tracing transactions across services and pinpointing bottlenecks before users feel them.

An application is a computer program built to carry out specific end-user tasks, as opposed to system software that manages the machine itself. Main categories include desktop, mobile, web and hybrid apps.

ARC (Authenticated Received Chain) is an email authentication protocol that records and cryptographically seals SPF/DKIM verification results at each forwarding hop, so legitimate relayed mail survives DMARC checks.

ASP.NET is Microsoft's web framework built on the .NET platform for developing web applications, APIs and services in C#. Its modern, cross-platform incarnation is the open-source ASP.NET Core.

Assembly is a low-level programming language in which each instruction corresponds almost directly to a single CPU operation, offering total hardware control at the cost of portability and development speed.

Attribution is the process of assigning credit for a conversion to the individual touchpoints a customer passed through. It reveals which channels and campaigns genuinely drive results.

The AuthInfo code (EPP code) is a unique string that acts as a password authorizing a domain transfer between registrars. Without it, a domain cannot be moved to a new provider.

An autoresponder is a tool that automatically sends prepared emails in response to an event or on a set schedule, with no manual work at the moment of sending.

AVIF is a modern image file format based on the AV1 video codec, offering very high compression while preserving good image quality.

B2B (business to business) is a business model in which a company sells its products or services to other companies rather than to individual consumers.

B2C (business to consumer) is a business model in which a company sells its products or services directly to individual consumers rather than to other businesses.

Babel is a popular JavaScript transpiler that converts modern code into older, widely supported versions of the language so it runs in more browsers.

Backbone.js is a lightweight JavaScript framework that brings structure to web applications through models, collections, views and event handling.

The backend is the server-side layer of an application, invisible to the user, responsible for business logic, data processing and communication with the database.

A backend developer is a programmer who builds and maintains the server-side layer of an application — business logic, APIs and communication with the database.

A backlink is a link from one website pointing to another. In SEO it is an important trust signal and one of the pillars of building a domain's authority.

A backlog is a single, prioritized list of features, bug fixes and improvements a team intends to deliver — the central planning artifact of Agile and Scrum.

A backup is a secondary copy of files, databases or entire systems, created so that data can be restored after hardware failure, ransomware, software bugs or human error.

Bandwidth is the maximum amount of data a network link or interface can transmit per unit of time, typically measured in megabits or gigabits per second.

BCC (blind carbon copy) is an email field that sends a copy to recipients whose addresses remain hidden from all other recipients of the message.

BEdita is an Italian open-source content management system built on the CakePHP framework, operating headless: content lives in a flexible object model and is served to any frontend via a REST API.

Bidding strategies are the methods used in advertising platforms to decide how much and how a system spends budget on clicks, impressions or conversions in an auction.

Big data refers to datasets whose volume, velocity and variety exceed the capabilities of traditional database tools, requiring distributed storage and processing to extract business value.

BIMI (Brand Indicators for Message Identification) is an email standard that displays a verified brand logo next to messages in supporting inboxes — a reward for full domain authentication with SPF, DKIM and DMARC.

Bing is Microsoft's web search engine — the default in Windows and Edge, a partial results provider for Yahoo and DuckDuckGo, and the search backbone of Microsoft Copilot.

A bitmap is a raster image stored as a rectangular grid of pixels, each holding color information — the natural format for photos and screenshots, unlike infinitely scalable vector graphics.

Black hat SEO is the set of ranking techniques that violate search engine guidelines to gain positions quickly and artificially — at the cost of severe penalty and deindexing risk.

An email blast is a single, untargeted mass mailing sent to an entire subscriber list (or a very large segment) at the same time.

Blazor is a Microsoft web framework, part of ASP.NET Core, that lets developers build interactive browser UIs in C# and reuse .NET skills across the whole stack.

A blockchain is a distributed, append-only ledger in which records are grouped into blocks, each cryptographically linked to the previous one and replicated across many independent nodes.

Bolt CMS is a lightweight, open-source content management system written in PHP, built on Symfony components and the Twig templating engine.

Bootstrap is an open-source front-end framework offering a responsive 12-column grid, prestyled UI components and utility classes that speed up building websites and web apps.

Bounce rate is the percentage of sessions in which a visitor leaves a website without any interaction — no click, no second pageview, no conversion event.

Branding is the deliberate process of shaping how a company, product or person is perceived — from strategy and voice to visual identity and every customer touchpoint.

A brandmark is the purely graphic symbol of a brand — an emblem that identifies it without any text, like Apple's apple, Nike's swoosh or the Starbucks siren.

Breadcrumbs are a horizontal trail of links showing the path from the homepage to the current page, helping visitors orient themselves in a site's hierarchy.

A brief is a document a client hands to an agency or contractor, gathering the project's goals, audience, scope, budget and constraints in one place.

Broad match is the most flexible keyword match type in Google Ads, letting an ad appear for searches that are semantically related to the keyword rather than only exact matches.

Brotli is a lossless compression algorithm developed by Google that shrinks text-based web assets more effectively than gzip and is supported by every modern browser.

A brute force attack is an attempt to break authentication by systematically trying passwords, keys or codes until one succeeds — powered by nothing more than computing time.

A buffer is a reserved area of memory that temporarily holds data in transit between two processes, devices or systems operating at different speeds.

A bug is a defect in software — a flaw in code, configuration or design that makes a program behave differently from what was intended, or fail entirely.

A bug bounty is a program in which an organization pays independent security researchers for responsibly disclosed vulnerabilities found in its systems.

Bumper ads are six-second, non-skippable video ads served on YouTube, bought on a CPM basis and used mainly to build reach, frequency and brand awareness.

A buyer persona is a semi-fictional, research-based representation of an ideal customer that captures their goals, pain points, objections and buying behaviour.

C2C (consumer-to-consumer) is an e-commerce model in which private individuals sell directly to other individuals, with an online marketplace acting as the intermediary and trust layer.

A CAA record is a DNS entry that states which certificate authorities (CAs) are allowed to issue SSL/TLS certificates for a given domain.

Customer Acquisition Cost (CAC) is the average amount a business spends on marketing and sales to win one new paying customer, and a core metric for judging whether growth is profitable.

Caching stores the results of expensive operations so repeat requests are served instantly; microcaching is the variant that buffers fully dynamic pages for just a few seconds, shielding the backend under heavy traffic.

Cache-Control is an HTTP response header that tells browsers, proxies and CDNs whether a response may be cached, for how long, and how its freshness should be revalidated.

CakePHP is a long-established open-source PHP framework that pairs the MVC pattern with strict naming conventions, a built-in ORM and code-generation tooling for rapid CRUD development.

A callout extension is a Google Ads asset that adds short, non-clickable phrases below the ad text to highlight selling points such as "Free shipping" or "24/7 support".

The canonical tag (rel=canonical) is an HTML element that tells search engines which version of a page is the preferred one to index. It solves duplicate content problems.

Canva is a cloud-based graphic design platform whose template library and drag-and-drop editor let people without design training produce social media graphics, presentations and marketing materials.

A CAPTCHA is an automated challenge designed to distinguish human visitors from bots, protecting forms, logins and checkouts from spam, fake accounts and credential-stuffing attacks.

A case study is a marketing asset that documents, on a real client example, the initial problem, the solution implemented and the measurable results — turning claims of competence into verifiable proof.

CC (carbon copy) is an email address field used for recipients who receive a visible copy of a message for information rather than for direct action.

A CDN (Content Delivery Network) is a globally distributed network of edge servers that caches website content and serves it from the point of presence closest to each visitor, reducing latency and offloading the origin server.

Chamilo is a free, open-source learning management system (LMS) built in PHP, known for its simple interface and modest server requirements — a practical platform for online courses and corporate training.

Chaos engineering is the discipline of running controlled failure experiments against a system — killing instances, adding latency, cutting dependencies — to verify resilience hypotheses before a real outage does it for you.

CI/CD is a set of practices that automate integrating, testing and deploying code, shortening delivery time while reducing the risk of shipping bugs.

Cisco is one of the world's largest makers of networking hardware and software, whose routers, switches and firewalls form the backbone of corporate networks and data centers.

Citation Flow is a Majestic metric on a 0–100 scale that gauges the quantitative strength of a site's link profile, regardless of the quality of those links.

CLI is a command line interface that lets you control a system or application by typing text commands instead of clicking within a graphical interface.

Clickbait is a technique of crafting sensational headlines that grab attention and pressure users into clicking, often at the expense of accuracy and relevance to the article.

Cloaking is a banned SEO technique of presenting search engine bots with different content than ordinary users see, in order to manipulate rankings.

Cloud, or cloud computing, is a model of delivering computing power, storage and applications over the internet on demand, with billing based on actual usage.

CLS is a Core Web Vitals metric that measures how much a page's elements unexpectedly shift during loading, affecting comfort and visual stability.

A cluster is a group of connected servers that work together as a single logical system to provide high availability, scalability and load balancing for services.

A CMS is a content management system that lets you create, edit and publish websites without having to write HTML code by hand.

A CNAME (Canonical Name) record is a DNS entry that creates an alias — pointing one domain name to another canonical name rather than directly to an IP address.

CodeIgniter is a lightweight PHP framework based on the MVC pattern, valued for its small footprint, simple configuration and high performance in web app development.

Compilation is the process of translating source code written in a programming language into machine code or an intermediate form that a computer can run. It is carried out by a program called a compiler.

A component is a self-contained, reusable unit of an application that bundles view, behaviour and state behind a well-defined interface, so it can be composed like a building block.

Concrete5 is a content management system distinguished by editing content directly on the page preview and a modular structure based on blocks and areas.

Contao is an open-source content management system distinguished by its focus on accessibility, semantic code and a robust permission management system.

Content marketing is a strategy of attracting and engaging an audience with valuable, consistent content rather than directly advertising a product.

A conversion is when a visitor completes a desired action on a website — a purchase, a form submission or a newsletter sign-up — turning an anonymous user into a customer or a lead.

Cookies are small text files stored by the browser on a user's device that hold data about the session, preferences and activity on a site.

Coppermine Photo Gallery is an open-source PHP script for building advanced online photo galleries with albums, categories and user permissions.

Core Web Vitals are three user-experience metrics defined by Google — LCP, INP and CLS — that grade how fast, responsive and visually stable a web page is. They are part of Google's ranking signals.

CPA (Cost Per Action) is an advertising pricing model where the advertiser pays only when a user completes a specific action — a purchase, registration or form submission — rather than for clicks or impressions.

CPC (Cost Per Click) is an online advertising billing model in which the advertiser pays each time a user clicks the ad. It is the standard pricing method in search advertising and PPC platforms.

CPL (Cost Per Lead) is a billing and performance model where the advertiser pays for each captured lead — a prospect's contact details submitted through a form, sign-up or quote request.

CPM (Cost Per Mille) is an advertising pricing model where the buyer pays a set rate for every thousand ad impressions. It is the standard currency of display, programmatic and brand-awareness campaigns.

CPV (Cost Per View) is a video advertising pricing model in which the advertiser pays only when a user actually watches the ad — for example 30 seconds of a skippable YouTube spot — or interacts with it.

A crawler (also called a spider or bot) is an automated program that systematically visits web pages, downloads their content and follows links — most famously to feed search engine indexes.

Cron is the time-based job scheduler daemon of Unix-like operating systems. It runs commands and scripts automatically at defined times — every minute, hour, day or on specific weekdays.

A cron job is a single task scheduled for recurring execution by the cron daemon — one crontab line pairing a time pattern with a command, such as a nightly backup or an application scheduler tick.

Crontab is the per-user file that stores cron's job schedule, and the command used to view and edit it safely (crontab -e, crontab -l). Every entry pairs a five-field time pattern with a command.

Cross-browser compatibility is the quality of a website or web app that renders and functions correctly across all major browsers, browser versions and rendering engines.

Cross-selling is the sales technique of offering customers products or services that complement what they are buying or already own, increasing order value while genuinely serving the customer's need.

CSAT (Customer Satisfaction Score) is a metric that captures customer happiness with a specific interaction or product through a single survey question, typically rated on a 1–5 scale.

CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery) is a web attack that abuses a victim's authenticated browser session to submit forged requests — password changes, transfers, admin actions — without the user's knowledge.

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is the language that defines how HTML documents look — colors, typography, layout and animation — keeping presentation separate from document structure.

CSS Grid is a two-dimensional CSS layout system that lets you place page elements across columns and rows at the same time, giving precise control over the entire grid.

A CTA (call to action) is a button, link, or short message that prompts users to take a specific action, such as buying a product or subscribing to a newsletter.

CTR (click-through rate) is the percentage of impressions that result in a click — a core metric for search results, paid ads, and email campaigns.

Customer experience (CX) covers every interaction a customer has with a brand — marketing, purchase, support, and beyond — and shapes loyalty and lifetime value.

Customer insight is an actionable, evidence-based understanding of customer needs and motivations that goes beyond raw data and guides product and marketing decisions.

A dark post is a paid social media ad that never appears on the advertiser's timeline — it is shown only to the audience segments defined in the campaign settings.

The darknet is an intentionally hidden part of the internet, accessible only through dedicated software such as Tor, offering anonymity to both visitors and site operators.

Data means raw facts, numbers, and records stored in a processable form — the foundation of every application, analytics pipeline, and business decision.

A data lake is a central repository that stores raw data in its native format — structured, semi-structured, and unstructured — for later analysis at any scale.

Data science is an interdisciplinary field combining statistics, programming, and domain expertise to extract insights from data and build predictive models.

A database is an organized collection of data managed by a database management system (DBMS), enabling fast storage, querying and updates — the backbone of virtually every application and website.

DDD (Domain-Driven Design) is a software design approach in which the code model mirrors the business domain, built on a shared language between developers and domain experts.

A DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attack overwhelms a server, service, or network with traffic from thousands of compromised devices, blocking access for legitimate users.

Debian is a fully free, community-driven Linux distribution developed since 1993, prized for stability and long security support — a default choice for production servers and the base of Ubuntu.

Debugging is the systematic process of locating, diagnosing, and fixing bugs in software — from reproducing the failure to verifying the root-cause fix.

Email deliverability measures how many of your sent messages actually land in recipients' inboxes rather than being filtered to spam or rejected outright.

Demand generation is a marketing strategy that creates awareness and buying intent among audiences who are not yet actively looking for a solution.

Deployment is the process of moving a new version of an application from the development environment to a target server, where it starts serving real users.

DevOps is a working culture and a set of practices that merge software development (Dev) with operations (Ops), built on automation, fast feedback and shared ownership of the product.

Digital accessibility is the practice of designing and building websites and apps so that people with a wide range of disabilities can use them effectively.

DirectAdmin is a lightweight commercial control panel for managing a hosting server — domains, mailboxes, databases, SSL certificates and backups — entirely from a web browser.

The Disavow Tool is a Google Search Console feature that lets site owners instruct Google to ignore specific inbound links when assessing their website.

DKIM (DomainKeys Identified Mail) is an email authentication standard in which the sending server signs messages with a private key and receivers verify the signature using a public key published in DNS.

A DM (direct message) is a private message sent directly between users of a social platform, invisible to the public — and a core channel for brand-to-customer communication.

DMARC is an email authentication standard that builds on SPF and DKIM, letting a domain owner publish a policy for handling spoofed mail and receive reports about abuse attempts.

DNS (Domain Name System) is the distributed, hierarchical naming system that translates human-friendly domain names such as example.com into the IP addresses machines use.

DNS propagation is the process by which changes to a domain's records spread across DNS servers worldwide, which can take from a few minutes to 48 hours.

A DNS server is a networked machine that answers queries about domain names, returning the IP addresses and other zone records associated with them.

DNSSEC is a set of DNS extensions that cryptographically signs zone data, letting resolvers verify that records genuinely come from the zone owner and were not forged in transit.

Docker is a containerization platform that bundles an application with all its dependencies into a lightweight, portable container that runs identically across environments.

DoH (DNS over HTTPS) is a protocol that carries DNS queries inside an encrypted HTTPS connection, hiding them from network operators and on-path attackers.

Dolphin PHP (BoonEx Dolphin) is an open-source PHP script for building self-hosted social networks, complete with user profiles, groups, blogs, media galleries and chat modules.

Domain Authority (DA) is a 1–100 score developed by Moz that predicts a domain's ability to rank in search results relative to its competitors.

A domain ownership transfer (assignment) is the formal handover of registrant rights to a domain name from one person or company to another, without changing the registrar or affecting how the website resolves.

Domain Rating (DR) is an Ahrefs metric that scores the overall strength of a website's backlink profile on a 0–100 logarithmic scale.

DoT (DNS over TLS) is a protocol that encrypts DNS queries and responses inside a TLS connection, protecting them from eavesdropping and tampering.

Double opt-in is a two-step subscription process in which a new subscriber must confirm their sign-up by clicking a link in a confirmation email before joining the list.

A dropdown menu is a user-interface element that hides a list of options and reveals it only when the user clicks, taps or hovers over a parent element.

Dropshipping is an online retail model in which a store takes orders but holds no inventory — the product is shipped straight to the customer by an external supplier or wholesaler.

DRP (Digital Risk Protection) is a cybersecurity discipline that monitors the internet, social media and the dark web to detect and reduce threats to an organisation, its brand and its data.

Drupal is an open-source content management system (CMS) written in PHP, valued for its flexibility and scalability when building complex websites and portals.

Duplicate content is identical or very similar content available under different URLs, either within a single website or across multiple sites.

Dwell time is the amount of time a user spends on a page after clicking it in the search results, before returning to the results list.

Dynamic Search Ads (DSA) are a Google Ads format in which headlines and ad targets are chosen automatically based on website content, without manually defined keywords.

e107 is a free, open-source content management system written in PHP and backed by a MySQL database, designed for building portals, community sites and news-driven websites.

End-to-end (E2E) tests verify an application as a whole by simulating a real user's steps in the browser, exercising every layer from the interface down to the database and integrations.

An Easter egg is a surprise deliberately hidden in software, a game or a website — a joke, animation or secret feature — revealed by performing an unusual sequence of actions.

Elasticsearch is a distributed full-text search and analytics engine built on the Apache Lucene library, enabling near-instant search across massive datasets.

An email alias is an additional email address that forwards messages to an existing mailbox without creating a separate mail account.

Email marketing is a form of direct marketing that delivers messages to a list of opted-in subscribers to build relationships, drive sales and retain customers.

An email template is a reusable message layout with a fixed design and placeholders for content, used to send consistent, well-rendering emails at scale.

Ember.js is an opinionated JavaScript framework for building ambitious single-page web applications, emphasising strong conventions, a consistent architecture and team productivity.

The European Accessibility Act (EAA) is an EU directive that harmonises accessibility requirements for digital products and services, binding private companies from June 2025.

Evergreen content is timeless material that stays relevant and valuable long after it is published, continually attracting organic search traffic.

Exact match anchor text is link anchor text whose wording matches the target keyword exactly — a powerful but risky signal in SEO link building.

An exploit is a piece of code, data or a command sequence that takes advantage of a software vulnerability to force unintended behaviour — most often seizing control or escalating privileges.

Express.js is a minimalist, flexible web framework for the Node.js runtime that simplifies building HTTP servers, APIs and backend web applications.

External linking is the practice of placing hyperlinks in your content that point to other domains, building context, credibility and topical value.

Eye tracking is technology that records the movement and focus points of a user's gaze, used in usability research to analyse what people look at, and in what order, within an interface.

Facebook Ads is Meta's advertising platform where marketers run paid campaigns aimed at precisely defined audiences across Facebook, Instagram, Messenger and the Audience Network.

The Facebook Pixel (now the Meta Pixel) is a JavaScript snippet placed on a website that tracks visitor behavior and reports it to Meta's advertising system. It powers conversion measurement, campaign optimization and remarketing.

Faceted navigation is a mechanism that filters a product list by multiple attributes at once, such as brand, price and color. It improves shopping UX but, left uncontrolled, generates a huge number of URLs.

Fail2ban is a Linux security tool that monitors service logs and automatically bans IP addresses showing suspicious activity, such as repeated failed login attempts.

A favicon is the small icon representing a website, shown in the browser tab, in the bookmark list and next to results in mobile search.

FCP (First Contentful Paint) is a performance metric that measures the time from the start of page load to the moment the first piece of visible content is rendered.

A feature toggle (feature flag) is a mechanism that lets you turn selected application features on or off at runtime, without having to redeploy the code.

Featured snippets are answer boxes that Google displays at the very top of search results, above the classic organic listings, giving users an immediate answer.

FID (First Input Delay) was a former Core Web Vitals metric measuring the delay between a user's first interaction with a page and the moment the browser began processing it.

A firewall is a security system that controls network traffic between a device or network and its surroundings, allowing or blocking connections according to defined rules.

Flask is a lightweight web microframework for the Python language, used to build web applications and APIs with a minimal set of assumptions imposed on the developer.

Floodlight is a conversion tracking technology used in Google Marketing Platform (Campaign Manager 360, Display & Video 360) that records user actions after they interact with an ad.

Flynax is a commercial PHP engine designed for building classified-ads portals, business directories and marketplace-style sites with a rich system of categories and custom fields.

A framework is a ready programming skeleton that imposes structure on an application and provides proven components and conventions, speeding up and organising the software-building process.

Freeware is software distributed free of charge for use, but — unlike open source — its source code usually stays closed, and the licence may restrict modification and redistribution.

Fresh site bonus is an SEO phenomenon of a temporary, elevated trust that Google seems to grant a new website, giving it a short-lived visibility boost right after it is indexed.

A friendly URL is a readable, descriptive link built from human-legible words rather than technical parameters, benefiting both SEO and user experience.

The frontend is the part of a web application that runs in the user's browser and handles everything they see and interact with — layout, styling and interactivity built mainly with HTML, CSS and JavaScript.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a network protocol for transferring files between a client computer and a server. It is used to upload, download and manage files on a hosting account.

FuelPHP is a lightweight, open-source PHP framework built around the MVC pattern with an HMVC extension. It emphasises security, flexibility and a modular application structure.

GDN (Google Display Network) is Google's advertising network of millions of partner websites, mobile apps and Google services, where advertisers show image, text and video display ads.

GDPR is the EU General Data Protection Regulation, which sets the rules for collecting, storing and processing the personal data of individuals in the European Union.

Geotargeting is the practice of delivering content, ads and search results tailored to a user's geographic location, determined from signals such as IP address or GPS.

Git is a distributed version control system that tracks changes to project files and lets many people work on the same codebase in parallel without overwriting each other's work.

GitHub is a web platform that hosts Git repositories and adds a layer of team collaboration on top: code review, issue tracking, pull requests and deployment automation.

GitOps is an approach to managing infrastructure and deployments in which a Git repository is the single source of truth for the desired system state, automatically reconciled with the running environment.

Glue records are DNS entries that provide the IP address of a nameserver located within the very domain it serves, resolving the circular dependency that would otherwise make the domain unresolvable.

Google Ads is Google's advertising platform where advertisers bid for placements in Search, the Display Network and YouTube, usually paying per click in an auction-based model.

Google Analytics is a free tool for analysing website traffic that gathers data on visitors, traffic sources and user behaviour, supporting marketing decisions and conversion optimisation.

Google Assistant is Google's virtual voice assistant for phones, smart speakers and home devices. It converts speech to intent and answers questions using search features such as featured snippets and the Knowledge Graph.

A Google Business Profile (formerly Google My Business) is a free business listing in Google Search and Maps that shows contact details, reviews and location.

The Google Knowledge Panel is an information box shown alongside search results that presents concise, structured facts about a person, brand, organisation or place.

Google Merchant Center is a free platform where merchants upload product data (a product feed) to display it in Shopping ads and free product listings across Google.

A Google penalty is a sanction imposed on a website for violating the search engine's guidelines, resulting in dropped rankings or removal from the search results.

Google Search Console is Google's free tool for monitoring and optimising a site's presence in search results — showing queries, indexing status, technical errors and Core Web Vitals.

A Google Spam Update is a search algorithm update aimed at detecting and demoting pages that violate Google's spam guidelines, powered in part by the SpamBrain machine-learning system.

Googlebot is Google's automated web crawler that visits pages, fetches their content and passes it to the search index, making a website eligible to appear in search results.

Grafana is an open-source data visualization platform that pulls metrics from many sources and presents them on interactive dashboards with charts, panels and alerts.

Grav CMS is a modern, open-source flat-file content management system that stores content in Markdown files instead of a database, making it fast and simple to deploy.

Grey hat SEO is a set of ranking techniques on the borderline of legitimacy — not explicitly against Google's guidelines, but exploiting their ambiguity and carrying elevated risk.

Growth hacking is a growth-oriented methodology that blends creativity, data and rapid experiments to find scalable, low-cost channels for acquiring users.

GTmetrix is a popular online tool for analyzing the load speed and performance of websites, generating a detailed report with scores, metrics and concrete optimization recommendations.

Gzip is a widely used lossless data compression method for shrinking the size of files sent between a server and a browser, cutting page load time and saving bandwidth.

A hamburger menu is a common interface element shaped like three horizontal lines that, when tapped, reveals a hidden navigation menu, saving space especially on mobile screens.

A hard bounce is a permanent email delivery failure caused by a non-existent or invalid recipient address; a high rate of them seriously harms sender reputation and deliverability.

A hashtag is a word or phrase preceded by the pound sign (#) that acts on social media as a clickable label, grouping content around a shared topic and boosting its reach.

A hard disk drive (HDD) stores data magnetically on rotating platters read by a moving head. It delivers large capacities at the lowest cost per gigabyte, at the price of slower random access than flash-based SSDs.

Headless e-commerce is a store architecture in which the presentation layer (the storefront) is separated from the commerce backend and the two communicate only through an API.

High availability (HA) is an approach to designing infrastructure that minimizes downtime through redundancy and automatic failover. The goal is to keep a service running even when an individual component fails.

Web hosting is a service that provides the server space and resources needed to keep a website or application available on the internet around the clock. It is the foundation of any site's online presence.

Hreflang is an HTML attribute that tells search engines which language and region a given page version is intended for. It helps serve users the correct language variant and prevents duplicate-content issues between translations.

HSTS (HTTP Strict Transport Security) is a security mechanism that forces a browser to connect to a site only over the encrypted HTTPS protocol. It defends against downgrade attacks and session hijacking on an unencrypted connection.

HTML (HyperText Markup Language) is the markup language that describes the structure and content of web pages. Together with CSS and JavaScript it forms one of the three pillars of the web, defining what elements a document is built from.

HTML headings (H1–H6) are the tags that create a hierarchical structure for a page's content. They organize a document for readers, search engines and assistive technologies alike.

HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) is the application-layer protocol that underpins communication on the web. It defines how a browser sends requests to a server and receives responses carrying page content.

HTTP/2 is the second major version of the HTTP protocol, significantly speeding up page loads by multiplexing many requests over a single connection and compressing headers. It keeps full semantic compatibility with HTTP/1.1.

HTTP/3 is the third major version of the HTTP protocol, replacing TCP with the QUIC protocol running over UDP. This removes transport-level head-of-line blocking and speeds up connections, especially on unstable networks.

HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure) is the encrypted version of HTTP, in which communication between browser and server runs through a TLS layer. It provides confidentiality, data integrity and verification of the server's identity.

Hybrid cloud is an IT architecture that connects private infrastructure (on-premises servers or a private cloud) with public cloud services into one coherently managed environment, letting workloads run wherever they fit best.

IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) is a cloud computing model in which the provider delivers virtual infrastructure — servers, storage and networking — while the customer manages the operating system and applications. It is the most flexible cloud layer.

IaC (Infrastructure as Code) is the practice of managing IT infrastructure through configuration files and code rather than manual setup. It lets you create, version and rebuild environments in a repeatable, automated way.

An immutable backup is a backup that cannot be modified or deleted for a defined period — not even by an administrator. It is a key defense against ransomware and deliberate data sabotage.

In-stream ads are video spots played before, during or after video content, for example on YouTube — split into skippable and non-skippable formats.

Incognito mode is a private browsing session that does not store history, cookies or form data locally, but does not make you anonymous online.

Influencer marketing is a form of promotion in which a brand partners with people who have an engaged following on social media. It builds on the trust an audience places in a creator, transferring it to the recommended product.

An infographic is a visual presentation of data, processes or relationships that condenses complex information into a form the reader can grasp at a glance.

INP (Interaction to Next Paint) is a Core Web Vitals metric that gauges responsiveness — it measures the delay between a user interaction and the next visible screen update.

Instagram is a Meta-owned social platform focused on visual content — photos and videos published on the profile, in stories and as Reels.

An Instagram Story is a vertical format in which photos and short clips posted at a given moment disappear automatically after 24 hours.

Installatron is an auto-installer available in hosting control panels that lets you install popular web applications, such as WordPress, with a single click.

Integration testing verifies that independently developed modules or services work correctly when combined, catching problems that unit tests cannot.

An interface is a point of contact that enables communication and the exchange of information — between a human and a device, between programs, or between system components.

Internal linking is the practice of connecting pages within the same website with hyperlinks, supporting navigation, crawling and the flow of link equity.

An intranet is an organisation's private internal network, built on the same technologies as the internet but accessible only to its employees and resources.

IoT (Internet of Things) is a network of physical devices fitted with sensors and connectivity that collect data and exchange it over the internet.

An IP address is a unique number that identifies a device on a computer network and lets data packets be routed to it.

An IPv4 address is a 32-bit network address written as four numbers separated by dots, for example 192.0.2.1.

An IPv6 address is a 128-bit network address written in hexadecimal, the successor to IPv4 that solves the exhaustion of available addresses.

Jamstack is a modern web architecture in which the presentation layer is pre-rendered and served from a CDN, while JavaScript and APIs provide the dynamic parts.

Java is an object-oriented programming language and runtime platform designed so that the same code runs on any system equipped with the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).

JavaScript is the programming language that gives websites interactivity — from reacting to clicks to dynamically updating content without reloading the page.

Jira is Atlassian's project management and issue tracking tool, widely used by software development teams working with agile methodologies.

Joomla is a free, open-source content management system (CMS) that lets you build and maintain websites without writing code from scratch.

JPEG is the most popular lossy image format, which greatly reduces file size at the cost of a small, often imperceptible loss of image quality.

jQuery is a widely used JavaScript library that simplifies selecting and modifying page elements, handling events, running animations and making AJAX requests through a concise, consistent syntax.

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight, text-based format for storing data as key–value pairs, widely used to exchange information between applications, especially in web APIs.

JSON-LD is a way of writing structured data using JSON syntax, recommended by Google to describe page content with the schema.org vocabulary in a form search engines understand.

JWT (JSON Web Token) is a compact, digitally signed token in JSON format that carries information about a user, enabling stateless authentication in applications and APIs.

A keylogger is malicious software or a hardware device that secretly records keystrokes, capturing passwords, card numbers and other sensitive data typed by the victim.

A keyword is a word or phrase users type into a search engine and around which page content is optimised so it answers their query.

Keyword cannibalization happens when several pages on the same site compete for the same query, splitting their ranking potential and weakening the site's visibility in search results.

Keyword clustering is the process of grouping related phrases with similar search intent into thematic sets, which are then assigned to specific pages on a site.

Keyword density is the percentage of a page's total words that a given phrase makes up. Today it carries marginal ranking weight, and inflating it risks a spam penalty.

A keyword planner is a tool that helps you discover the phrases people search for and assess their popularity, competition and estimated bids. It is a cornerstone of content planning for SEO and Google Ads campaigns.

Keyword stuffing is a prohibited SEO technique of unnaturally saturating a page with keywords to manipulate rankings. Google treats it as spam and penalises it with lost positions.

Kibana is an open-source tool for visualizing and exploring data stored in Elasticsearch. It lets you build interactive dashboards, analyze logs and monitor infrastructure in real time.

The Knowledge Graph is Google's knowledge base that gathers information about entities — people, places, companies — and the relationships between them, used to enrich search results.

A KPI (Key Performance Indicator) is a measurable value that shows how effectively a company, team or campaign is meeting its defined business goals.

Kubernetes (K8s) is an open-source platform for container orchestration that automates the deployment, scaling and operation of containerized applications across a cluster of servers.

A landing page is a standalone page designed around a single conversion goal, which a user reaches after clicking an ad, an email link or a search result.

Laravel is an open-source PHP framework based on the MVC pattern that simplifies and speeds up building web applications through elegant syntax and a rich ecosystem of ready-made tools.

A layout is the arrangement of a web page — how interface elements such as the header, content, navigation and footer are positioned and proportioned within the visible screen area.

Lazy loading is a performance optimization technique in which page resources — images, videos or scripts — load only when they become needed, rather than all at once on the first request.

LCP (Largest Contentful Paint) is one of the Core Web Vitals metrics, measuring the time it takes for the largest content element in the viewport — usually the main image or a text block — to render.

A lead magnet is a valuable resource or offer given away for free in exchange for a user's contact details — usually an email address — used to generate leads and build a mailing list.

LESS is a CSS preprocessor that extends the stylesheet language with variables, nested rules, functions and mixins, then compiles them down to plain CSS that browsers understand.

Let's Encrypt is a free, open certificate authority (CA) that automatically issues and renews SSL/TLS certificates, enabling HTTPS-encrypted connections at no cost and without manual verification.

Lighthouse is a free, open-source Google tool for automatically auditing websites for performance, accessibility, SEO and best practices, scoring a site from 0 to 100.

Link building is the practice of acquiring backlinks from other websites to strengthen a site's authority and improve its visibility in search results.

A link exchange system (SWL) is a platform that automatically places links between enrolled sites to artificially increase the number of backlinks pointing to a website.

A link gap is the set of referring domains that link to your competitors but not to your site — effectively a ready-made shortlist of backlink targets.

Link juice is the informal term for the SEO value a link passes to its target page, influencing that page's authority and search rankings.

A link profile is the overall picture of all the links pointing to a website, accounting for their number, quality, diversity and naturalness.

Linting is the automated analysis of source code that flags errors, risky constructs and style deviations before the program is ever run.

LiteSpeed is a commercial, high-performance web server that is drop-in compatible with Apache configuration, featuring built-in caching and modern protocol support.

An LLM (Large Language Model) is trained on vast text corpora and can understand and generate natural language by predicting the most likely next token.

llms.txt is a proposed standard for a Markdown file at a domain's root that helps language models find and understand a website's most important content.

A load balancer is an infrastructure component that distributes network traffic across multiple servers to ensure performance, reliability and high availability.

Local File Inclusion (LFI) is a web application vulnerability that lets an attacker include and read arbitrary local files on the server by manipulating an input parameter.

Local SEO is the set of practices that improve a business's visibility in search results for geographically-scoped queries, such as "plumber near me".

A location extension is a Google Ads asset that displays a business address, a map and a distance, encouraging users to visit a physical store.

The long tail refers to longer, highly specific search phrases that each attract low search volume but carry strong intent. Combined, they often generate more traffic than a handful of broad head terms.

Magento is a feature-rich, open-source e-commerce platform (now Adobe Commerce) built for mid-sized and large stores. It offers deep flexibility and scalability at the cost of heavy server requirements.

A mailing list is a collection of email addresses belonging to people who explicitly agreed to hear from a brand — the core asset of email marketing and one the business fully owns.

Majestic SEO is a backlink analysis tool built on its own vast index of the web. It is best known for its proprietary Trust Flow and Citation Flow metrics for evaluating a link profile.

A man in the middle (MITM) attack is one in which an attacker secretly positions themselves between two communicating parties to eavesdrop on or alter the data being exchanged. TLS encryption is the key defense.

A managed server is a hosting service in which the provider takes responsibility for the operating system, updates, security, backups and monitoring.

MariaDB is an open-source relational database management system that began as a fork of MySQL. It keeps high compatibility with MySQL while adding its own storage engines and performance improvements.

A media query is a CSS rule that applies styles conditionally, based on device properties such as viewport width, orientation or color scheme. It is the cornerstone of responsive web design.

Memcached is a lightweight, distributed caching system that stores data in RAM as key-value pairs. It offloads the database and speeds up dynamic web applications.

memory_limit is a PHP configuration directive that sets the maximum amount of RAM a single script may consume. It protects the server from a single request exhausting its resources.

The meta description is an HTML tag holding a short summary of a page, which search engines often display beneath the title in search results. It is not a ranking factor but influences click-through rate.

The meta robots tag is an HTML element placed in a page's head that tells search engine crawlers whether to index that page and follow its links. It is a precise tool for controlling SEO.

A micro-conversion is a small, intermediate user action that moves them closer to the main goal but is not the goal itself — like a newsletter sign-up or adding a product to the cart.

Middleware is intermediary software that connects different components, applications or layers of a system. In web apps it is code that processes an HTTP request before it reaches the core logic.

MLOps is a set of practices that bring DevOps discipline to machine learning, automating the full model lifecycle — from data and training through deployment and production monitoring.

Mobile-first indexing is Google's approach of using the mobile version of a page — rather than the desktop one — to index and rank it, so the mobile experience determines your position.

A mockup is a high-fidelity static representation that shows the intended final look of an interface or graphic — with colours, typography and real content, but without interactivity.

ModSecurity is an open-source web application firewall (WAF) that filters HTTP traffic at the server level, blocking attacks such as SQL injection and XSS based on rules.

MODX is an open-source content management system and content management framework (CMF) written in PHP, giving designers complete control over the generated HTML.

MongoDB is a document-oriented NoSQL database that stores data in flexible BSON documents instead of the rigid tables of a relational system.

Moodle is an open-source e-learning platform (LMS) written in PHP, used to create and manage online courses, quizzes and educational materials.

MozRank is a metric from Moz that scores a page's link popularity on a 0-to-10 scale, based on the number and quality of the links pointing to it.

MozTrust is a metric from Moz that measures how trustworthy a page is, based on its link distance from a set of highly credible, trusted seed sites.

MTA-STS is an email security standard that enforces encrypted TLS connections between mail servers and protects against attacks that downgrade encryption.

Multimodality is an AI model's ability to process and combine different data types at once — text, image, sound and video — reasoning across them in a unified way.

An MVP (Minimum Viable Product) is the simplest version of a product containing only the core features needed to deliver value and validate an idea with real users.

An MX (Mail Exchanger) record is a DNS entry that names the mail servers accepting email addressed to a given domain.

MyBB is free, open-source forum software written in PHP with a MySQL database, letting you build community discussion boards with a rich permission system.

MySQL is one of the most popular relational databases, storing information in related tables and accessed through the SQL query language.

n8n is an open-source workflow automation tool that visually connects applications, APIs and services into automated workflows, with little or no coding required.

Negative SEO is a set of deliberate, malicious actions aimed at lowering another website's search rankings, from toxic link blasts to content scraping and hacking.

Netiquette is the set of norms and rules of good conduct that govern communication on the internet. It shapes how we write emails, comment and take part in online discussions.

Next.js is a React-based framework that adds server-side rendering, static generation and routing. It makes it easier to build fast, well-indexed web applications.

Nginx is an open-source web server, reverse proxy and load balancer with an event-driven architecture. It is renowned for high performance under huge numbers of concurrent connections.

NLP (Natural Language Processing) is the branch of artificial intelligence concerned with how computers process, understand and generate human language. It powers search engines, chatbots and language models.

No-code is an approach to building applications and websites without writing code, using only visual drag-and-drop tools. It enables people without programming skills to create working solutions.

Node.js is a runtime environment that lets you execute JavaScript outside the browser — on the server. Thanks to its non-blocking I/O model it excels at scalable network applications.

The nofollow attribute is a value added to a link that asks search engines not to pass ranking power through it or treat it as an endorsement of the target page.

Noindex is a directive in the meta robots tag that tells search engines not to include a page in their index. It lets you deliberately exclude specific pages from search results.

NoSQL is a family of non-relational databases that store data in flexible models other than tables. They excel at large scale, changing structure and high write performance.

npm (Node Package Manager) is the default package manager for the Node.js environment and the world's largest registry of JavaScript libraries. It manages project dependencies via the package.json file.

NPS (Net Promoter Score) is a metric measuring customer loyalty based on their willingness to recommend a brand. It relies on a single question and a scale from 0 to 10.

An NS (Name Server) record is a DNS entry that names the servers authoritative for a domain — the ones that hold its zone with all the other records.

Nuxt.js is a framework built on Vue.js that adds server-side rendering, static generation and automatic routing. It makes building fast, SEO-friendly Vue applications easier.

NVMe is a modern protocol for communicating with SSDs over the PCIe bus. It delivers far lower latency and higher throughput than the older SATA interface.

OAuth is an open authorization standard that lets an application obtain limited access to a user's data in another service without revealing their password. It is built on access tokens.

Object storage is a data storage model that keeps files as self-contained objects with rich metadata in a flat address space, retrieved by key through an HTTP API.

Observability is the ability to understand a system's internal state purely from the data it emits — its logs, metrics and distributed traces.

OCSP stapling is a TLS optimization where the web server fetches and attaches a signed proof of its SSL certificate's validity to the handshake, sparing the browser.

OctoberCMS 2 is an open-source content management system built on the Laravel framework, aimed at developers who value clean code and full control over templates.

Off-page SEO covers all the work done beyond your own website to build its authority and credibility in a search engine's eyes — chiefly earning links and mentions.

On-page SEO is the optimization of every element living directly on a web page — content, headings, meta tags, URL structure and speed — all factors you control fully.

OPcache is PHP's built-in caching engine that stores the compiled bytecode (opcode) of scripts in memory, removing the need to recompile them on every request.

Open Graph is a meta-tag protocol that lets you define how a page appears when shared on social media — its preview title, description and image.

Open rate is an email marketing metric that measures what percentage of delivered messages recipients actually opened.

OpenCart is a free, open-source e-commerce platform written in PHP that lets you launch an online store with multi-store and multi-language support.

Optimization is the process of improving a system, page or process so it runs more efficiently, faster or cheaper while keeping the same functionality.

Organic search results are the unpaid listings on a search engine results page, ranked by the algorithm solely on relevance and quality, with no cost per click.

An orphan page is a page on a website that no internal links point to, leaving it practically invisible to crawlers and users navigating the site.

osCommerce is one of the oldest open-source e-commerce platforms written in PHP, which set the standards for early online stores.

Out-stream ads are video spots displayed outside of video content — within articles, web pages and apps — that begin playing when they scroll into view.

Outbound marketing is a communication model in which the brand initiates contact and actively pushes its message to prospects, whether or not they are looking for it.

OWASP is a nonprofit foundation that produces free, community-driven standards and tools for application security. Its best-known project is the OWASP Top 10 list of critical web vulnerabilities.

PaaS (Platform as a Service) is a cloud model in which the provider supplies a complete environment for building and running applications, removing the need to manage servers and operating systems.

Page Experience is a group of signals Google uses to measure how comfortable a page feels to visitors, covering Core Web Vitals, a secure connection and mobile-friendliness.

Page indexing is the process by which a search engine analyzes a site's content and stores it in its database so it can appear in search results. Without indexing, a page stays invisible to Google users.

PageRank is an algorithm devised by Google's founders that scores a page's importance based on the number and quality of links pointing to it. It was one of the search engine's first ranking pillars.

PageSpeed refers to how fast a web page loads, and is also the name of Google PageSpeed Insights — a tool that scores site performance and points out what to fix.

Pagination is the technique of splitting a long content list — blog posts, products or search results — into numbered pages that users move through using links.

Paid search results are ads shown in a search engine's results, usually above and below the natural listings and marked "Sponsored". Advertisers pay for position through an auction, most often on a cost-per-click basis.

Partial match anchor text is a type of link text that includes only part of the target keyword phrase together with additional words, rather than an exact, verbatim match.

A password is a secret string of characters that, combined with a user identifier, confirms identity and protects access to an account, data or system from unauthorized people.

Pay Per Sale (PPS) is a marketing pricing model in which a publisher or partner is paid only after a referred customer completes an actual purchase.

A penetration test is a controlled, authorized simulation of an attack on an IT system, aimed at discovering and exploiting real vulnerabilities before a genuine attacker does.

People Also Ask (PAA) is an expandable block of related questions Google shows in search results, presenting short answers pulled from various web pages.

Performance Max is a Google Ads campaign type built on automation and artificial intelligence that serves ads across all of Google's channels from a single campaign.

Performance testing is a family of tests that evaluate how fast and how stably a system behaves under a given load — measuring response time, throughput and resource usage rather than logical correctness.

Phalcon is a web application framework for PHP that stands out by being delivered as a compiled extension written in C, giving it high performance and low resource usage.

Phishing is a social engineering attack in which a criminal impersonates a trusted institution or person to trick the victim into revealing sensitive data such as passwords or card numbers.

Phoenix is a web application framework for the Elixir language, running on the Erlang virtual machine and prized for high performance, scalability and real-time communication support.

PHP is a server-side scripting language built for creating dynamic websites and web applications. It powers a huge share of the web today, including WordPress.

PHP 5.0 was a landmark 2004 release of the PHP language that introduced the Zend Engine 2 and a mature object-oriented programming model. The version is now obsolete and unsupported.

PHP 5.1 is a 2005 release of the PHP language that standardised database access through the PDO extension and improved Zend engine performance. It is now a historical, fully unsupported version.

PHP 5.2 is a 2006 release of the PHP language that added native JSON support and the filter extension for validating input. It is now an archival version with no security support.

PHP 5.3 is a landmark 2009 release of the PHP language that introduced namespaces, anonymous functions (closures) and late static binding. It paved the way for modern frameworks.

PHP 5.4 is a 2012 release of the PHP language that introduced traits, the short array syntax and a built-in development server. It also improved performance and cut memory usage.

PHP 5.5 is a 2013 release of the PHP language that built OPcache into the core, added generators and a secure password-hashing API. It significantly improved performance and security.

PHP 5.6 is the 2014 release that closed the 5.x branch. It introduced constant expressions, the argument-unpacking operator and exponentiation. Its end of life opened the PHP 7 era.

PHP 7.0 is a 2015 release of the PHP language whose rebuilt engine roughly doubled performance over PHP 5.6. It introduced scalar type declarations and return-type declarations.

PHP 7.1 is a 2016 release of the PHP language that introduced nullable types, the void return type and class-constant visibility. It extended the type system begun in PHP 7.0.

PHP 7.2 is a 2017 release of the PHP language that introduced the object parameter type and built-in, modern Sodium cryptography. It placed a strong emphasis on application security.

PHP 7.3 is a 2018 release of the PHP language that introduced flexible heredoc/nowdoc syntax and trailing commas in argument lists. It also improved performance and code ergonomics.

PHP 7.4 is the 2019 release that closed the 7.x branch. It introduced typed class properties, arrow functions and preloading. It was the bridge to the PHP 8 series.

PHP 8.0 is a 2020 release of the PHP language that opened the 8.x series. It introduced the JIT compiler, attributes, named arguments and the match expression, significantly modernising the language.

PHP 8.1 is a 2021 release of the PHP language that introduced native enumerations (enums), fibers and readonly properties. It enriched the language with features known from strongly typed languages.

PHP 8.2 is a 2022 release of the PHP language that introduced readonly classes, new composite types and standalone null, true and false types. It refined the mechanisms added in PHP 8.1.

PHP 8.4 is a late-2024 release of the PHP language that introduced property hooks, asymmetric property visibility and new-object chaining syntax. It is one of the newest releases in the 8 series.

PHP-FPM (FastCGI Process Manager) is a high-performance way to run PHP as a separate service that answers requests over FastCGI. It manages pools of worker processes, giving fine control over performance and resource use.

phpBB is a widely used open-source forum (bulletin board) application written in PHP and backed by a MySQL database. It lets you launch a community platform with boards, threads and granular permissions in minutes.

phpFox is commercial PHP software for building your own social networking site — profiles, friends, groups and an activity feed. It lets you launch a fully branded community platform on your own infrastructure.

phpinfo() is a built-in PHP function that renders a page with a complete report on the interpreter's configuration — PHP version, loaded extensions, directives and environment variables. It is an administrator's go-to diagnostic tool.

phpMyAdmin is a free, open-source web interface for administering MySQL and MariaDB databases. It lets you manage tables, run SQL queries and import data without touching the command line.

A pillar page is a comprehensive page that covers a broad topic and links to related, more detailed articles. Together they form a topic cluster that strengthens a site's authority in a subject area.

Pimcore is an open-source data management platform that combines PIM, DAM, CMS and e-commerce in a single system. It centralizes product information and digital assets and distributes them across many sales channels.

Ping is a fundamental network diagnostic tool that checks whether a remote host is reachable and measures the round-trip time of a packet. It uses the ICMP protocol and reports latency in milliseconds.

Matomo (formerly Piwik) is an open-source web analytics platform and a privacy-focused alternative to Google Analytics. It can run on your own server, giving you full control and ownership of your traffic data.

Pligg is an open-source CMS written in PHP for building social news sites where users submit and vote on content. A link's popularity determines its place on the front page.

A plugin is an add-on software component that extends a host program's features without touching its source code. You install and enable it as needed, bolting new capabilities onto the base system.

PNG (Portable Network Graphics) is a lossless raster image format with transparency support (an alpha channel). It excels at graphics with sharp edges, logos and screenshots where precision matters.

A PoC (Proof of Concept) is a small, focused project that verifies whether a given idea or technology can actually be built before committing full resources.

A polyfill is a piece of code, usually JavaScript, that provides a modern feature to a browser or runtime that does not yet support it natively.

A pop-up is a window displayed over a web page that grabs the user's attention with a message, form or offer.

A portfolio is an organised collection of the best work, projects and case studies that showcases the skills and experience of a creator or company.

PostgreSQL is an advanced, open-source object-relational database, prized for its standards compliance, extensibility and reliability.

Presell pages are pre-sale pages that build interest and trust before directing the user to the actual offer or sales page.

PrestaShop is an open-source e-commerce platform written in PHP for building and running your own online stores.

Product Listing Ads (PLA) are shopping ads shown in Google with an image, price and product name that lead directly to the product page in a store.

Programmatic SEO is a method of automatically generating a large number of pages from a template and structured data to cover many related long-tail queries.

A prompt is a command, question or instruction given to an AI model that shapes the content and form of the generated response.

A PTR (pointer) record is a reverse-DNS entry that maps an IP address to a domain name — the inverse of an A record and key to mail server reputation.

A PUP (Potentially Unwanted Program) is software that usually arrives bundled with another install and behaves on the borderline between a normal app and malware.

PuTTY is a free, lightweight SSH, Telnet and serial-connection client for Windows, used to manage servers remotely from the command line.

A PWA (Progressive Web App) is a web application that, thanks to modern browser technologies, behaves like a native app — installable, offline-capable and push-enabled.

Python is a high-level, interpreted general-purpose programming language prized for its readable syntax and versatility — from web apps to artificial intelligence.

QUIC is a modern UDP-based transport-layer protocol that underpins HTTP/3, speeding up connections through built-in encryption and stream multiplexing.

A quota is a system mechanism that caps how many resources — disk space or number of files — a given user account may consume on a server.

RankBrain is a machine-learning component of Google's algorithm that helps interpret ambiguous queries and better match results to the user's intent.

Ranking factors are the signals search engine algorithms evaluate to decide the order of results — content relevance, link authority, technical health, and user experience.

Ransomware is a type of malware that encrypts a victim's files or locks access to a system, demanding a ransom to restore the data.

Rate limiting is a technique for controlling how many requests a client can send to a server or API within a set time window, protecting resources from overload and abuse.

rDNS (reverse DNS) is a reverse DNS lookup that resolves an IP address to its associated hostname, the opposite of the standard name-to-address resolution.

React is a popular JavaScript library for building user interfaces from reusable components using a virtual DOM mechanism.

Real-time marketing (RTM) is a strategy of reacting quickly to current events, trends and conversations so a brand can naturally join the moment's context.

REDAXO is a flexible, open-source content management system (CMS) built on PHP and MySQL, valued by agencies for the freedom it gives in building templates.

Redis is an in-memory key-value data store used as a cache, a task-queue broker, a session store and a real-time counter thanks to sub-millisecond latency.

Refactoring is the disciplined process of restructuring existing code without altering its external behavior, improving readability and maintainability.

Referral is traffic that reaches a site by clicking a link on another website — in analytics a distinct channel, and in marketing the basis of refer-a-friend programs.

Regression testing is the repeated running of tests to confirm that recent changes to the code — new features, bug fixes, refactoring — have not broken functionality that worked correctly before.

A relative link points to a resource relative to the address of the current page, omitting the protocol and domain that an absolute URL would include.

Remarketing is an advertising technique that re-engages users who have already interacted with your website, app or previous ads, showing them tailored messages.

Replication is the process of automatically copying and synchronising data across multiple servers so that the same information is available in more than one place.

A repository is an organised store for a project's source code together with the complete history of its changes, enabling many developers to work together.

Responsiveness is a web page's ability to automatically adapt its layout and content to the screen size of the device on which it is displayed.

Responsive display ads are a Google Ads format in which the system automatically combines your headlines, descriptions and images, fitting the ad to the available space and context.

REST is an architectural style for designing networked interfaces in which communication runs over HTTP and data is treated as resources with unique addresses.

A reverse proxy is an intermediary server that sits in front of one or more application servers and accepts requests from internet clients on their behalf.

Rich results are enhanced Google search listings that, beyond the title and description, display extra elements such as ratings, prices or question-and-answer blocks.

RLSA (Remarketing Lists for Search Ads) is a Google Ads feature that lets you tailor search-network ads to people who have already visited your website.

ROAS (Return on Ad Spend) is an advertising efficiency metric that shows how much revenue each unit of currency spent on a campaign generates.

robots.txt is a text file placed in a domain's root directory that tells search engine crawlers which parts of the site they may or should not visit.

rsync is a Linux command-line tool for synchronising and copying files between directories or servers that transfers only the parts of the data that have changed.

RTO and RPO are two disaster recovery metrics: RTO defines the maximum acceptable time to restore a service after an outage, while RPO defines the maximum amount of data loss, measured as a window of time.

Ruby on Rails (RoR) is an open-source web application framework written in Ruby, built on the MVC pattern and the "convention over configuration" philosophy that accelerates development.

SaaS (Software as a Service) is a software delivery model in which the application runs on the provider's cloud infrastructure and users access it through a browser on a subscription, with no installation or infrastructure to maintain.

A sales funnel is a model of the customer's journey from first contact with a brand to purchase, divided into successive stages at which the number of prospects gradually narrows.

Schema.org is a shared structured data vocabulary used to describe page content in a way search engines understand, helping them interpret context and display rich results.

Screaming Frog SEO Spider is a desktop tool for technical SEO audits that crawls a website like a search engine bot, collecting data on URLs, status codes, meta tags and link structure.

Scrum is an agile framework for managing work in which a team delivers a product in short, repeatable cycles called sprints, regularly inspecting the results and adapting its next steps.

SCSS is the main, CSS-compatible syntax of the Sass preprocessor that extends stylesheets with variables, nested rules, mixins and functions, then compiles the code down to plain CSS.

SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle) is a structured process for building software that covers every stage — from requirements analysis, through design and implementation, to testing, deployment and maintenance.

Search intent is the real goal a user wants to achieve when typing a query into a search engine — from gaining knowledge to making a purchase.

Security headers are HTTP response directives that instruct the browser to apply extra protections. They limit the impact of common web attacks such as XSS and clickjacking.

Segmentation is the practice of dividing a broad audience or market into smaller, homogeneous segments with shared characteristics, so that messaging and offers can be tailored precisely to each group's needs.

SEM (Search Engine Marketing) is the full set of activities aimed at increasing a site's visibility in search engines, covering both paid advertising campaigns and optimization for organic results.

SEO (Search Engine Optimization) is the set of activities that optimize a site and its surroundings so it ranks highly in free search results and attracts valuable organic traffic.

An SEO backlink network is a set of support sites created or controlled in order to place links that boost a target site's ranking in search.

SERM (Search Engine Reputation Management) is the practice of managing a company's or person's reputation in search results — shaping what a user sees in Google after typing a brand name or a person's name.

A SERP (Search Engine Results Page) is the page a search engine displays in response to a query — a set of links, ads and rich elements ordered by relevance and value to the user.

A server is a computer or program that provides resources, data and services to other devices (clients) on a network, handling their requests — from serving web pages, through email, to storing files and databases.

Server logs are chronological records of events written by a server — from HTTP requests to application errors. They are the primary source for diagnostics and traffic analysis.

Serverless computing is a cloud model in which the provider fully manages the infrastructure, the developer supplies only code that runs in response to events, and billing is based solely on actual execution time.

SFTP (SSH File Transfer Protocol) is a protocol for securely transferring and managing files within an encrypted SSH connection.

SGE (Search Generative Experience) is Google's experimental search mode in which AI generates direct, summarised answers to queries.

Shoper is a Polish SaaS e-commerce platform that lets you launch and run online stores without maintaining your own server.

Short tail keywords are short, broad search terms — usually one or two words — with high search volume and strong competition.

Silex is a lightweight PHP microframework built on Symfony components, intended for small applications and APIs. The project has been officially ended.

SilverStripe is an open-source content management system (CMS) built on PHP, known for flexible data modelling and a friendly editor interface.

SMF (Simple Machines Forum) is a free, open-source internet forum script written in PHP, used to build community discussion boards.

Single opt-in is a list sign-up model in which an address joins the mailing list immediately after submitting a form, with no email confirmation step.

Sitebulb is a desktop and cloud tool for crawling websites and running technical SEO audits, surfacing issues in clear, visual reports.

SMO (Social Media Optimization) is a set of practices that optimise content and a website for social media to increase reach and engagement.

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is the standard protocol responsible for sending and relaying email messages between mail servers.

A snapshot is a point-in-time capture of a system, disk or virtual machine that lets you roll back to exactly that state when needed.

Sngine is a commercial PHP script that lets you launch your own social network with profiles, groups, messaging and monetization.

SNI (Server Name Indication) is a TLS extension that lets a single IP address host many HTTPS sites, each with its own SSL certificate.

SOAP is an XML-based messaging protocol used to exchange data between applications in web services that require a strict contract and strong security.

A soft bounce is a temporary email delivery failure — the recipient's server rejects the message for a transient reason, but the address stays valid.

A SPA (Single Page Application) is a web app that loads once and then dynamically refreshes its content without a full page reload.

Spear phishing is a targeted phishing attack aimed at a specific individual or organization, built on information gathered about the victim in advance.

SPF (Sender Policy Framework) is an email authentication mechanism based on a DNS record that specifies which servers may send email on behalf of a domain.

Split-horizon DNS is a configuration in which a server returns different answers for the same domain name depending on the source of the query.

A sponsored article is a paid publication on a third-party website that reads like editorial content while promoting a brand. In SEO it is used mainly for link building and reaching a publisher's audience.

Spring Boot is a framework built on the Spring ecosystem that simplifies building Java applications and microservices through auto-configuration and an embedded server.

SQL (Structured Query Language) is the standard language for storing, reading and modifying data in relational databases.

SQL injection is an attack that injects malicious SQL code through unvalidated input, letting the attacker manipulate database queries.

SRE (Site Reliability Engineering) is a discipline combining software engineering with system administration to keep services reliable and scalable.

An SRV (service) record is a DNS entry that, for a specific service, names not just a host but a port number too, with priority and weight for load spreading.

A solid state drive (SSD) keeps data in NAND flash memory instead of on spinning platters. With no mechanical parts, it delivers microsecond access times and is the default storage for modern servers and hosting.

SSH (Secure Shell) is a protocol that provides secure, encrypted remote access to a server, plus file transfer and connection tunneling.

An SSH key is a pair of cryptographic keys (private and public) used for secure, passwordless authentication of connections to a server over the SSH protocol.

SSL is a protocol that encrypts the connection between a browser and a server, today handled by its successor TLS; an SSL certificate confirms a site's identity and enables HTTPS.

Structured data is standardized markup — typically schema.org vocabulary in JSON-LD format — that describes page content to search engines and makes pages eligible for rich results.

A subdomain is a separated part of a domain name placed before the main domain, letting you create distinct addresses within one domain, such as shop.yourcompany.com.

The supplemental index was a historical, secondary Google index that held pages deemed less valuable, which were crawled and shown in search results less frequently.

Svelte is a modern JavaScript framework for building interfaces that shifts work to the compile step and produces lightweight, efficient code with no virtual DOM.

SVG is an XML-based vector graphics format in which the image is described mathematically, so it scales to any size without losing sharpness.

Swipe up is an upward finger gesture on a touchscreen, associated mainly with social media Stories, where it took the user to an external link.

SWOT is a strategic analysis method that organizes the factors affecting a company or project into four areas: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.

Symfony is a mature, modular PHP framework built from independent, reusable components, used to create large, scalable web applications.

The target attribute on an anchor tag defines the browsing context in which a linked page should open — for example, the same tab or a new browser window.

TDD (Test-Driven Development) is a practice in which a developer writes a failing test first, then the minimal code to pass it, and finally refactors.

A template is a ready-made layout with a fixed structure and placeholders, used to quickly produce consistent pages, emails or documents.

TikiWiki (Tiki Wiki CMS Groupware) is an open-source content management system written in PHP that bundles a wiki, CMS, forum, gallery and groupware tools into a single platform.

Tiny text is a black hat SEO technique that places content in a font so small it is effectively invisible to the reader, yet still crawled and indexed by search engines.

The title tag is a page's title defined in HTML, shown as the clickable headline in search results and on the browser tab. It is one of the most important on-page SEO elements.

A TLD (Top-Level Domain) is the highest segment of a domain name — the part after the last dot, such as .com, .org or .pl — that identifies the branch of the DNS an address belongs to.

TLS (Transport Layer Security) is a cryptographic protocol that provides confidentiality, integrity and authentication for network connections — the successor to SSL and the foundation of secure HTTPS.

TLS-RPT (SMTP TLS Reporting) is a standard that lets a domain owner receive reports about problems with TLS encryption during email delivery to their mail servers.

Topical authority is the degree to which a site is recognised as an expert source on a subject, built by covering that topic comprehensively and consistently.

TOTP (Time-based One-Time Password) is an algorithm that generates short-lived, rotating one-time codes used as a second factor in authentication.

tracert (traceroute) is a diagnostic command that maps the path packets take to a destination, showing each router hop along the way and its response time.

A trailing slash is the forward slash at the end of a URL; with it and without it a server may treat the address as two different pages.

A transient is a piece of temporary data stored with an expiration time, used to cache the result of an expensive operation so it need not be repeated.

A transpiler (source-to-source compiler) translates code from one language or version into another at a similar level of abstraction, for example modern JavaScript into an older form.

TrueView Discovery is a video ad format shown as a thumbnail with a description in YouTube search results, on the home feed and among suggested videos.

TrueView In-Stream are skippable video ads served in the YouTube player and billed on a CPV basis — you pay only when a viewer watches the spot or interacts with it.

Trust Flow is a link-quality metric that scores a site based on how closely its backlinks connect to a set of trusted seed sites.

TTFB (Time to First Byte) measures the time between a browser sending a request and receiving the first byte of the server's response.

TTL (Time to Live) specifies how long a piece of data, such as a DNS record or a cached response, remains valid before it must be fetched again.

Two-factor authentication (2FA) is a login method that requires a second, independent factor in addition to a password to verify the user's identity.

A TXT record is a DNS zone entry that stores an arbitrary text string, most often used for email authentication and to prove ownership of a domain.

TypeScript is a typed superset of JavaScript that adds optional static typing and compiles down to plain JavaScript, catching many errors before runtime.

TYPO3 is an open-source, enterprise-grade content management system written in PHP, designed for large, complex and multilingual websites.

UGC (user-generated content) is any content — reviews, comments, photos, posts — created by users or customers rather than by the brand itself.

UI (User Interface) is the visual and interactive layer of a product — its layout, colours, buttons, icons and typography — through which users interact with it.

A unit test is an automated test that verifies the smallest isolated piece of code — a single function, method or class — without touching databases, networks or other external dependencies.

Up-selling is a sales technique that encourages a customer to buy a more expensive, upgraded or premium version of the product they are considering.

Uptime monitoring is the practice of continuously checking whether a website or service is available and alerting the owner the moment it goes down.

A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is the web address that uniquely identifies and locates a resource, telling the browser how and where to reach it.

URL Rating is a third-party metric that scores the backlink strength of an individual page, rather than the whole domain, on a fixed scale.

A user agent is software that acts on a user's behalf — most often a browser — and the identifying string it sends with each request to a server.

A user journey is the complete path a person takes to accomplish a goal with a product, spanning every step, touchpoint and interaction along the way.

UX (User Experience) is the sum of all impressions and feelings a person has while using a website, app or other digital product.

Varnish Cache is a fast HTTP accelerator (reverse proxy cache) that stores ready-made responses in memory and serves them without touching the application server.

vBulletin is commercial software for creating and managing discussion forums, written in PHP and using a database to store threads and users.

Vector graphics describe an image using mathematical geometric shapes rather than pixels, so it scales to any size without losing sharpness while keeping file size small.

Version control is a system that records every change made to a project's files, letting you roll back to earlier states, work in parallel as a team and trace the authorship of each modification.

Versioning is the practice of systematically labelling and tracking successive versions of code, documents, files or an API, enabling change control and rollback.

The viewport is the visible area of a page in the browser window on a given device — its size determines how much content is shown and how the responsive layout behaves.

The Virtual DOM is a lightweight, in-memory representation of the page structure that frameworks compare with the previous state to update only what has changed.

Virtualization is the technology of dividing one physical machine into many isolated, independent virtual environments, each behaving like a separate server.

A volumetric attack is a class of DDoS attack that aims to exhaust the victim's available bandwidth with a massive flood of traffic, cutting off legitimate users.

A VPN (Virtual Private Network) is an encrypted connection that creates a private, protected tunnel between a device and a target network over the public internet.

A VPS (Virtual Private Server) is a virtual private server with dedicated, guaranteed CPU, RAM and disk, running on a physical machine alongside other VPS instances.

Vue.js is a progressive JavaScript framework for building user interfaces and single-page applications, based on reactive rendering of components.

WCAG (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines) is an international set of guidelines for making web content accessible to people with various disabilities.

WCAG 2.2 is an updated version of the accessibility guidelines that adds new success criteria, including ones on touch target size, focus visibility and user help.

WebAssembly (Wasm) is a low-level, portable binary format that runs in the browser at near-native performance, complementing JavaScript.

Webflow is a visual, no-code platform for designing and publishing websites, generating clean HTML, CSS and JavaScript without the need to program.

A webhook is a mechanism in which one service automatically sends an HTTP request to a specified URL of another application when a defined event occurs.

A webinar is a seminar held over the internet in real time, allowing content to be presented and participants to interact through chat and polls.

Webmail is an email interface accessible through a web browser, letting you read and send messages without installing a separate mail program.

WebP is a modern image format developed by Google that produces smaller files than JPEG and PNG at comparable quality, speeding up page loads.

Webpack is a module bundler that combines a project's JavaScript, CSS and other assets into optimised packages ready for the browser to load.

A website is a document available on the World Wide Web under a specific URL, displayed in a browser and built from HTML markup, CSS stylesheets and scripts.

White Hat SEO is a set of ethical optimisation practices that comply with search engine guidelines and aim at user value and durable results.

WHMCS is a commercial platform for automating billing, provisioning and customer support, used mainly by hosting companies and domain registrars.

WHOIS is a protocol and public database that lets you look up information about a domain's registration — its registrar, dates and status.

A widget is a self-contained, reusable interface element or functional block that can be embedded on a page, in an app or in a panel.

Wildcard DNS is a special record with an asterisk (*) that matches all subdomains not defined separately and directs them to a specified address.

A wireframe is a simplified, graphics-free sketch of a page or screen that shows the placement of elements and the content structure before visual design.

WooCommerce is an open-source e-commerce plugin for WordPress that turns a site built on that CMS into a fully functional online store.

WordPress is an open-source content management system (CMS) powering over 40% of websites, extensible through themes and plugins.

WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) is a type of editor in which the content being edited looks exactly as it will be published, without knowing any code.

An XML sitemap is a structured file listing a website's URLs that helps search engines discover and index its pages more efficiently.

XOOPS is an open-source, modular content management system written in PHP, designed for building portals and community sites from interchangeable modules.

XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) is a vulnerability in which an attacker injects a malicious script into a page, which then runs in other users' browsers.

Yarn is a package manager for the JavaScript ecosystem, created as a faster and more reproducible alternative to npm, managing a project's dependencies.

Yii is a high-performance, open-source PHP framework for building web applications, based on the MVC pattern and known for speed and code generators.

YMYL (Your Money or Your Life) is a category of content that can affect a reader's health, safety, finances or major life decisions, evaluated by Google especially strictly.

Zend Framework is a modular, open-source, enterprise-grade PHP framework made of loosely coupled components, now continued under the name Laminas.

Zenphoto is an open-source content management system written in PHP, specialised in publishing and organising photo galleries and multimedia material.

Zero Trust is a security model in which no request is trusted by default — every access is verified regardless of whether it comes from inside or outside the network.

Zero-click searches are queries in which the user gets the answer directly on Google's results page, without clicking any result and visiting a site.

.htaccess is an Apache configuration file that lets you change server behavior at the level of a single directory — without access to the main config and without restarting the service. It is a core tool on shared hosting.

A 301 redirect is a permanent redirect from one URL to another, telling browsers and search engines that a resource has moved for good.

A 302 redirect is a temporary redirect from one URL to another, signalling to search engines that the original address will soon return.

The 401 Unauthorized error is an HTTP status code indicating that a request was rejected because it lacks valid authentication credentials — a missing or expired token, API key or login.

The 403 Forbidden error is an HTTP status code meaning the server understood the request but refuses to authorize it — most often due to file permissions, .htaccess rules or firewall blocks.

The 404 Not Found error is an HTTP status code returned when the server works fine but no resource exists at the requested URL — the result of deleted pages, changed addresses or broken links.

The 408 Request Timeout error is an HTTP status code returned when the server closes a connection because the client failed to deliver a complete request within the allowed time window.

The 500 Internal Server Error is a generic HTTP status code meaning something unexpected failed on the server — anything from an application exception, through a broken .htaccess file, to an exhausted memory limit.